Microencapsulation of Ibuprofen into Polyvinylpyrrolidone Using Supercritical Fluid Technology

Osteoarthritis is a disease that attacks human bones especially in older people and usually non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs are being prescribed for patients with Osteoarthritis.

These kinds of drugs usually have low aqueous solubility, dissolution and bioavailability. In order to maximize their therapeutic effects, these properties should be develped and enhanced.

The purpose of this study was to reduce the particle size of ibuprofen by forming microparticles and thus enhance its dissolution rate. Ibuprofen was encapsulated into a polymer (polyvinylpyrrolidone) using supercritical fluid technology (supercritical CO2) to form drug-polymer microparticles.

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Bioassay of Lindane (Gamalin 20) to Hetrobrancus bidorsalis Juveniles

The study was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of lindane (Gammalin 20) to Hetrobranchus bidorsalis juveniles using static bioassays.

The mean weight and total length of the fish samples were 2.5 g and 8.6 cm respectively. Six groups of the experimental units were set up containing 10 fish individuals in each bowl with 20 litres water capacity.

The Gammalin 20, organo chlorine pesticide was distillated and the active ingredient lindane was condensed and collected and the stock solution was prepared.

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Analytical Performance of LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Five Steroids in Serum

The accurate measurement of steroid hormones is the fulcrum of modern endocrinology. Our aim was to develop a mass spectrometry coupled with a liquid chromatographic method for 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, 11-desoxycortisol, 21-desoxycortisol and cortisol serum quantification simultaneously.

The samples were submitted to isotopic internal standards addition, protein precipitation and two dimensional liquid chromatography consists of trapping column and reverse-phase C18 analytical column.

For all compounds tested functional sensitivity was less than 0.5 ng/mL, precision was less than 15%, recovery ranged from 93% to 120%, linearity ranged from 89% to 111%, and accuracy was considered adequate.

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Investigation of Isotopic Abundance Ratio of Biofield Treated Phenol Derivatives Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and 4-methoxyphenol (4-MP) are phenol derivatives that are generally known for their antioxidant properties and depigmenting activities.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

BHT and 4-MP samples were divided into two parts: control and treated. The control group remained untreated while the treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment.

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Treatment of Steel Rolling Mill Effluents Using Semi-Batch Foam Flotation

A semi-batch foam-flotation in which air is continuously sparged through an emulsion, with added surfactant, a coagulant, and a solvent, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of steel-rolling mill effluents.

The effect of time of flotation, effects of surfactant and alum concentrations, and effect of the solvent volume were all experimentally explored. The oil recovery increased with concentrations of alum and sodium lauryl sulphate of up to around 4 g/l, and then leveled off.

Volume of the solvent layer at the top improved the separation of oil with an optimum ratio of 0.167 ml solvent per ml of emulsion. The oil separation was highest for the time of flotation of about 25 minutes, and reemulsification of the separated self-emulsifiable oil was observed beyond this time.

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Effects of Different Oligosaccharides on Growth of Selected Probiotic Bacterial Strains

A wide variety of veterinary probiotic products is available over the counter. They are popular for the treatment of several conditions in small animals, mostly related to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract,where there is some evidence that they can alleviate symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. There have also been several attempts to assess potential health benefits of probiotics in chronic GI conditions in small animals. 

Even though a probiotic is defined as “a live organism which, if administered in adequate quantities, confers a health benefit to the host” proof of efficacy in specific conditions is often lacking, as most of these products are sold as health/ food supplements, not as drugs. More comprehensive reviews on their clinical efficacy in small animals can be found elsewhere. The term prebiotic is typically used to describe “non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health” hence they are often dietary fibres.

Development of a Method for Regioisomer Impurity Detection and Quantitation within the Raw Material 3-Chloro-5-Fluorophenol by Gas Chromatography

Impurities within the raw materials used to prepare active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are a severe cause for concern.

The entire challenge lies in the quantification and detection of regioisomer impurities.

Impurities should be indentified at the earliest and gas chromatography area% method can be used for the detection and quantization of impurities like 3-chloro-5-fluorophenol.

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Determination by Modeling of the Interactions during the Adsorption Equilibrium of N-Propanol and Ortho Xylene on Activated Carbon Surface

Temperature Programmed Adsorption Equilibrium (TPAE) procedure was used to determine the heats of adsorption of ortho xylene and 1-propanol on activated carbon at 300 K.

The evolutions of the surface coverage with the adsorption temperature (θe=f(Ta)) were compared to the Temkin model in order to determine the heats of adsorption and reveal the affinity to the surface of activated carbon regarding the polarity of each adsorbate.

It has been shown that the heats of adsorption of ortho xylene were Eθ0=100 kJ/mol and Eθ1=62 kJ/mol at 185 Pa, respectively, at low and high surface coverage.

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GC-MS Technique and its Analytical Applications in Science and Technology

GC-MS is highly effective and versatile analytical techniques with numerous scientific applications to cater the field of applied Sciences and Technology.

This review elaborates the significant uses of this technique. It is a very useful for quality control, analytical research, impurity profiling and maintenance for human welfare and development.

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a hyphenated analytical technique that combines the separation properties of gas-liquid chromatography.

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Removal of Orange-G, Vat Yellow, Erythrosine Dyes from Synthetic Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Nanofiltration

Efficiency of electrocoagulation and nanofiltration in removing color from synthetic wastewater were investigated. Three representative dye molecules were selected for the synthetic dye wastewater.

Azo dye (Orange-G dye), a synthetic dye (Erythrosine) and a Vat dye (Vat yellow). Iron electrode was use as a sacrificial anode in the study. The influence of electrolysis time, operating current density, initial pH, initial dye concentration and temperature on process performances was investigated.

Experiments were conducted to find the desired conditions for removal of particular concentration of the dyes.

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Biocatalysts

Biocatalysts were originally described as natural substances (i.e., enzymes) that initiate or modify the rate of a chemical reaction in a live body.

Nowadays,this term is far broader because the use of protein engineering techniques to assist in the creation of enzymes for unusual intermediates in synthetic chemistry, as well as the advance of molecular biology, high-throughput tools, and bioinformatics that help to overcome new complex issues.

Science progresses quickly in areas related to the development of novel biocatalytic methods, including biocatalytic retro synthesis, modular biocatalysts, bioinformatics, molecular biology, nanoscale methodologies, protein engineering, molecular design, and advanced X-ray techniques.

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Effect of the Pre-treatment on the Performance of MBR, Al-Kut WWTP, Wasit Governorate

Pilot scale experiments were carried out to examine the effect of the pre-treatment methods on the performance of MBR. The TITAN MBRTM module was used in this study. In order to investigate the effect of pre-treatment on the behavior of membrane, samples were collecting at different locations in Al-Kut WWTP, Wasite. 

The first samples group has been collected directly from the main source as raw sewage to determine its main characteristics of wastewater. The second group samples have been collected from outlet of Al-Kut WWTP (conventional treatment) and the third group and fourth group samples have collected from outlet of pre-treatment of MBR system and finally treated wastewater from MBR system. The study showed that the membrane bio-reactor filters out nearly all solids, the pre-treatment has a positive effect on the MBR performance, and the pre-sedimentation is more effective than fine screening. Moreover, aeration is considered as one of the intrinsic parameters in both hydraulic and biological process performances because of its ability to maintain solids in suspension, scours the membrane surface, limits fouling, and provide oxygen to the biomass, which results in a better biodegradability.

Adsorption of Acid Dyes onto Bentonite and Surfactant-modified Bentonite

Adsorption of Congo red (CR) from water via batch adsorption experiments onto bentonite and CTAB-modified bentonite (CTAB-MBn) was investigated.

Studies concerning the factors influencing the adsorption capacities of bentonite and CTAB-MBn, such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, ionic strength, contact time and temperature were systematically investigated and discussed.

The results revealed that CTAB-modified bentonite demonstrated high adsorption capacities toward acid dyes, while bentonite exhibited sorption capacities lower than CTAB-MBn.

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Immunoglobulin-binding Bacterial Proteins (IBP) Conjugates and their Reactivity with Immunoglobulin in Enzyme

The aim of this study was to create universal chimeric conjugates able to react with both avian and mammalian immunoglobulins to be used as a reagent in Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs).

The periodate method was used in the conjugation process of linking horseradish peroxidase to immunoglobulin-binding bacterial proteins. ELISAs were used to prove the efficacy of the conjugates, namely newly synthesize conjugates (NSC) in the detection of immunoglobulins.

All NSC bound to mammalian immunoglobulins, but failed to bind avian immunoglobulin Y (IgY), with the exception of the SpLAG-anti-IgY-HRP that was the most versatile binding to the all panel of purified immunoglobulin and sera.

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Ionic Liquids Matrices for Laser Assisted Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

This review article discussed application of ionic liquids as matrices (ILMs) for mass spectrometry (MS). ILMs were applied for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, matrices assisted electrospray ionization (ILMs-ESI-MS) and desorption corona beam ionization (DCBI-MS).

Ionic liquids matrices provided several advantages such as low vapor pressure, have high stability for storage and under vacuum, extremely high sensitivity and showed low background or interferences.

They are non-explosive, non-flammable and are thermally stable. The materials are promising for real measurements and require further investigations to improve the current performance.

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Study on the Effect of Nanoparticle Loadings in Base Fluids for Improvement of Drilling Fluid Properties

Nanotechnology is increasingly capturing the attention of material researchers as this technology pushes the limits and boundaries of the pure material itself.

Liquids dispersed with nanoparticles generally have higher physical properties enhancements. In the current study, ball-milled functionalized –COOH carbon nanoparticles were introduced into the targeted base fluid of drilling mud.

The investigating parameter involved in this study is carbon nanoparticle loadings, ranging from 0 wt% to 1.0 wt%, which is readily dispersed in the base fluid.

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Studies on Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Thermo- Inactivation of Some Quality-Related Enzymes in White Yam (Dioscorea rotundata)

The effect of heat treatment on the activities of three quality related enzymes peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and lipoxygenase (LOX), from edible white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) was studied over a temperature range of 50 to 80°C using mathematical analysis of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the thermoinactivation of the enzymes.

Denaturation of these enzymes, measured by loss in activity, could be described by a simple first-order reaction that was resolved into biphasic inactivation curves.

This indicates the existence of two isoforms of different thermal stabilities with k-values between 0.032 and 0.525. D-values decreased with increasing temperature, indicating faster inactivation of the enzymes at higher temperatures.

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Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence Determination of Fleroxacin in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Human Urine

Quality control of drug fleroxacin dosage, its monitoring in biological fluids, and research of drug’s metabolism and action are an important analytical task.

A new chemiluminescence (CL) reaction system was established for the determination of fleroxacin (FLX). The trivalence dysprosium-sensitized CL emission mechanism was investigated by comparing the fluorescence emission with CL spectra.

The CL spectra of FLX-KMnO 4 -Na 2 S 2 O 3 -H 6 P 4 O 13 system are from the narrow characteristic emission of Dy 3+ at 482 and 578 nm ( 4 F 9 → 6 H 15/2 , 4 F 9 → 6 H 13/2 ) through the energy transfer from the excited SO 2 * to analyte, followed by intramolecular energy transfer from analyte* to Dy 3+ .

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Synthesis of Schiff Base Unsaturated Oligomeric Polyester for Determination of Trace Lead

A new very sensitive and selective chromogenic reagents prepared by the reaction of Schiff base with maleic anhydride (MA) and 1,4-butane (I), ethylene (II), 1,6-hexamethylene (III) and 1,2-propane diol (IV), respectively, were synthesized and studied for the determination of trace lead in detail.

In 0.1molL−1 NaOH medium, lead reacts with polyester to form a yellow complex, which gives a maximum absorption at 462, 478, 482 and 495 nm using I, II, III and IV respectively.

Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration ranges 0.04-1.20μgmL−1, whereas optimum concentration ranges as adopted from Ringbom method was 0.10-1.05μgmL−1.

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Analyzing the Methods to Remove Artifacts Encountered in the Development of a NIR Quantitative Model for Powder Medicines

The wrapper composition, particle size and crystallinity of powder drugs all affect their NIR spectra. To remove these effects, one must apply proper spectral preprocessing methods and good algorithms before developing a NIR quantitative model.

Though different spectral preprocessing methods possess different functions aimed at removing different effects, we have found that use of the first derivative+vector normalization (FD+VN) removes the effects of packaging bottle and particle size in the NIR spectra.

The effect of crystallinity cannot be removed with spectral preprocessing methods, but it can be reduced by choosing a proper calibration set, choosing a specific principal component, and applying partial least squares fitting.

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