Chemical Treatment of Petroleum Wastewater and its Effect on the Corrosion Behavior of Steel Pipelines in Sewage Networks

The sources of wastewater from municipal and different industries act as a substantial pressure on the surrounding environment, so the waste management is ordinarily required before drainage.

The environmental protection agency added specific and limited levels for discharging the pollutants into the municipal networks or into the sea. The treatment process of industrial wastewater became must to remove the contaminants or pollutants, which produced from the production procedure to a maximum, which does not negatively affect the environment.

Chemical coagulation process is the highest important technique for industrial wastewater treatment because of its efficiency to minimize the contaminants in wastewater.

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Validation and Development of HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Apigenin and Luteolin in Selected Marketed Ayurvedic Formulations of ‘Dashmula’ and in Ethyl Acetate Extract of Premna integrifolia L.

Dashmool (dashmul, dashamula) are specific combination of ten roots, famous Ayurvedic remedy mainly for strengthening body, promotes healthy elimination of toxins, tonic for kidney, liver, tonic in infertility, uterine tonic, used for anorexia, edema, anaemia, potent antioxidant and in disorders of nerves, bones, joints and muscles.

It contains ten roots in equal propotion under category as ‘Brihat Panchmul includes; Aegle marmelos, Premna integrifolia, Oroxylum indicum, Stereospermum suveolens, Gmelia arborea While Laghu panchmul includes; Solanum indicum, Solanum xanthocarpum, Uraria picta, Desmodium gangeticum and Tribulus terrestris.

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The Investigation of the Effect of Reduced and Microgravity Conditions on Single Bubble (Drop) Behavior Fixed on a Solid Surface in a Liquid

The study of the gas bubble (drop) behavior under reduced gravity and microgravity conditions may be used in the conceptual design of aircraft’s and space based gas-liquid management system.

It is very important to consider the changed gravity and microgravity conditions influence on the gas bubble (drop) behavior fixed on the solid surface, as this influence can be more strongly than other external forces action.

The main purpose of the present research to investigate the effect of reduced and microgravity conditions on single bubble (drop) behavior, fixed on the solid surface in the liquid.

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Deoxygenation of Palmitic Acid to Produce Diesel-like Hydrocarbons over Nickel Incorporated Cellular Foam Catalyst: A Kinetic Study

Nickel incorporated mesostructured cellular foam (NiMCF) was studied as a catalyst for palmitic acid deoxygenation to primarily synthesize n-pentadecane and 1-pentadecene.

The kinetic behaviour was tested in a temperature range from 280 to 300°C. The reaction was found to follow a first order kinetic model with respect to the palmitic acid with an activation energy of 111.57 KJ/Mol.

In the reusability study, it was found that the average reduction in palmitic acid conversions was about 40.5%, which indicated the occurrence of catalyst deactivation during the deoxygenation.

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Evaluation and Characterisation of Composite Mesoporous Membrane for Lactic Acid and Ethanol Esterification

Recently, the use of inorganic composite mesoporous membranes in chemical industries has received a lot of attention due to a number of exceptional advantages including thermal stability and robustness.

Inorganic mesoporous membranes can selectively remove water from the reaction product during lactic esterification reactions in order to enhance product yield.

In this work, the characterization and evaluation of a catalytic mesoporous membrane with 15 nm pore size was tested with different carrier gases before employing the gases for lactic acid and ethanol esterification product analysis with Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

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Variable Electrospray Ionization and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Mass Spectra of the Bisquaternary Ammonium Salt Ethonium

Determination of a single “fingerprint” mass spectrum of a biologically active compound, required for compound identification in mixtures and biological materials in such applied tasks as ecological monitoring and biological imaging, may become a nontrivial problem for labile compounds whose mass spectra depend strongly on the applied experimental conditions.

In the present communication, qualitatively different mass spectral patterns obtained for the bisquaternary ammonium salt ethonium Cat2+•2Cl– under varied conditions of electrospray ionization and matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are described and systematized.

It is shown that qualitative changes in the electrospray mass spectra of ethonium occur upon a cone voltage increase from 10 V to 100 V, which are caused by the subsequent appearance and destruction of several primary ions: the intact dication Cat2+, the dication-counterion cluster Cat2+•Cl– and[Cat ‑ H]+ and [Cat ‑ CH3]+ ions.

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Validation and Development of HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Apigenin and Luteolin in Selected Marketed Ayurvedic Formulations of ‘Dashmula’

Dashmula are specific ayurvedic combination of ten roots used for various disorders of liver, kidney, uterus. Standardisation of herbals are necessity for efficacy and quality parameter as per WHO guidelines.

Therefore, through this original research attempt was made to standardise one of ‘Dashmula’, P. integrifolia and selected batches of marketed formulation using Apigenin and Luteolin as active biological marker for simultaneous quantification and fingerprinting through developed and validated HPTLC techniques.

Developed mobile phase Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (6:4:0.15) gave Rf (Retention factor) 0.39 and 0.29 for Standard Apigenin and Luteolin respectively at 347 nm iso absorptive wavelength.

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A Functionalized, Supported Ionic Liquid for Alkylation of p-Cresol with Tert-Butyl Alcohol

SO3-H functionalized ionic liquid was prepared using 1-vinyl imidazole and 1,4 -butanesultone as source materials and then supported on mesoporous silica material (SBA-15). This supported ionic liquid catalyst was characterized using XRD, SEM, FT-IR, solid state NMR, TGA.

Their catalytic activity in Tert-butylation of p-cresol with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) was investigated in a batch autoclave. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount and reactant mole ratio on the conversion of p-cresol and 2-tert-butyl-p-cresol (TBC) and 2, 6-di-tert-butylp- cresol (DTBC) selectivities were investigated.

Lower alcohol to p-cresol mole ratios, lower catalyst loading at 110°C gave a 65% maximum conversion of p-cresol. The recoverability and recyclability of the catalyst was also investigated.

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Assessing the Activity of Solid-Suported SnCl2 Catalysts on the Oleic Acid Esterification for Biodiesel Production

The search for cleaner methodologies has forcing the chemical industry to seek environmentally benign acid catalysts. SnCl2.2H2O is an affordable commercially Lewis acid, water tolerant and easy to handling, cheaper, and less corrosive.

Recently, we have demonstrated that it is an efficient catalyst to produce biodiesel in homogeneous catalysis conditions. In this work, we have supported SnCl2.2H2O over different solid matrix (i.e., such as SiO2, Nb2O5 and ZrO2) and evaluated its catalytic activity in FFA esterification reactions.

In this case, the reaction occurs in heterogeneous phase bringing with itself all the pertinent advantages to this rational system as the best separation of products and reuse of the catalyst. It was appraised reaction parameters such as thermal treatment temperature nature of the support; leaching test was also accomplished.

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