Lung Cancer and Nicotine

Lung cancer is the third most common cancer after prostate gland and breast cancer. A study has been reported 63,000 deaths per year in India due to the lung cancer. Although, there must be numerous of other factors behind the occurrence of lung cancer but most common of all is smoking and tobacco consumption.

Thankappan and thresia has reported that there has been 5 million deaths per year i.e., approximately one in ten adults in the world including 2.41 million deaths in developing countries and 2.43 million being attributed to developed countries occur only because of tobacco consumption.

Chewing or smoking tobacco and its products contains high amount of carcinogenic nicotine and its derivatives. Excessive inhaling of nicotine results in the alteration of signalling pathways responsible for proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. Lung cancer culminates from the series of changes in the signalling pathways.

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Thermodynamic Calculation of a Heat of First-Order Phase Transitions

A transition heat is the most important characteristics of first-order phase transitions. Black was first who discovered in 1762 that in the transfer of water to vapor, some quantity of heat is absorbed, which he termed the latent evaporation heat.

In spite of more than the two-hundred-year period of the heat transfer concept existence there are no analytical expressions relating the transition heat with other parameters of phase transitions. For example, the fundamental "Physics Encyclopedia", articles devoted to the transition heat, evaporation heat, and so on, comprises no formulae but only tables of experimental data.

One can also mention monographs which have no relationships except for the conventional definition of the transition heat λ=TΔS. Hence, obtaining the relationships between the transition heat and other parameters of first-order phase transitions will be a substantial contribution into the theory of first-order phase transitions.

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Remediating Free Chlorine from Aqueous Solution Using Hydrous Zirconium Oxide Impregnated Carbons

In this study, a commercially activated carbon was loaded with 10 and 25 wt% hydrous ZrO2 followed by heat treatment at 393K in an attempt to improve its adsorption capacity towards the removal of free chlorine from water.

The tested carbons were characterized by SEM, N2-adsorption –desorption, iodine number, FTIR and pHPZC techniques. The effects of adsorbent dose, contact time, initial free chlorine concentration and pH on the removal performance of free chlorine from water were studied. Loading the original carbon with 10 and 25 wt% hydrous ZrO2 led to reduce its SBET area as well as its iodine number.

The same trend was also found for the measured values of pHPZC. The removal performance of free chlorine was found to increase with decrease the initial solution pH. The equilibrium data fit well the Langmuir isotherm. Loading with hydrous ZrO2 increased to a great extent the removal of free chlorine from water.

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Influence of the Crosslinking Ion’s Valence on Hydrogel’s Final Properties

Interpenetrating hydrogels with advanced stiffness were prepared from the iron-alginate and cross-linked poly(acrylamide). Multiple approaches were combined in order to prepare hydrogels with mechanical properties required for various biomedical applications.

Final properties of these materials were studied in terms of their water content and elastic modulus. Special attention was paid to describe the relationship between final properties and the nature of alginate crosslinks (bivalent or trivalent ions).

Parameters such as concentration and nature of the alginate, crosslinking density of poly(acrylamide) network, IPN formation procedure were studied and adapted for obtaining the desired materials. Compared to the simultaneous synthesis procedure, the two-step process was found to be absolutely necessary for effective miscibility of two highly crosslinked networks.

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Foundations of Chemical Kinetic Modeling, Reaction Models and Reactor Scale-Up

The majority of manuscripts dealing with the subject of chemical reactions, detailed chemical reaction models, and chemical kinetics present the material with strong mathematical foundations and emphasis.

This is the reason for the conceptual approach taken in this manuscript where the result of the application of theory in the form of mathematical models is not the major consideration but the understanding of the fundamental concepts behind the complex mathematical theories.

Even today, unfortunately, the industrial professional performing the design of a chemical reactor may not have the practical experience in Mathematics as well as Quantum Mechanics or Physical Chemistry to fully understand the implications of the mathematical formulism. This is especially true of the mathematical methods used in Quantum Chemistry as well as quantum mechanics applications to the estimate of rates of chemical reactions.

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Introduction of In Silico Chromatography

Molecular interaction (MI) is fundamental phenomena in nature. Chromatography is a tool to quantitatively measure the degree of molecular interactions. The qualitative explanation has been performed using solubility factors. The quantitative explanation is achieved using computational chemical calculation (In silico).

The molecular interaction forces are combination of solubility factors, and can be obtained as van der Waals, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic energy values after molecular mechanics (MM2) calculations. Simple study can be done using small molecules. The model analyses should help to quantitatively understand the chromatographic retention mechanisms. When one small molecule is replaced to a macro molecule, (chromatography model phase), we can quantitatively analyze chromatography retention time with the retention times of standard compounds.

Furthermore, when the macro molecule is a protein, we can study affinity level of proteins. In addition, the apc calculated using MOPAC program indicates the enzyme reactivity. Prediction of boiling point, dissociation constant, and albumin-drug binding affinity were demonstrated as practical applications of in silico chromatography.

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Need To Study On a New Nontoxic Material to Relieve Cytokine StormCaused By Viral Pandemics

Need To Study On a New Nontoxic Material to Relieve Cytokine StormCaused By Viral Pandemics