Isotopic Abundance Analysis of Biofield Treated Benzene, Toluene and p-Xylene Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Benzene, toluene and p-xylene isomers are nonpolar organic liquid, volatile, aromatic and the most important constituents of gasoline. Benzene, toluene and p-xylene are one of the important sources of energy being utilized with petrol/gasoline for vehicle fuel.

All three compounds are produced during the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil as well as in making coke from coal. Benzene have been used for long time in manufacturing plastics, detergents, pesticides, and other chemicals such as ethyl benzene, cyclohexane, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzenes and maleic anhydride.

Toluene has numerous commercial and industrial applications and was used as a solvent in paints, lacquers, thinners, glues, correction fluid, nail polish remover, and in printing and leather tanning processes. p-xylene has been used in adhesives industry, paint industry, and as manufacturing solvent in rubber industries.

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Characterization of Royal Jelly by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Fingerprinting

You are what you eat; and honeybees seem to know this principle well, hence to make a queen bee they feed larvae with royal jelly (RJ). Since the queen bee is fertile, larger and lives longer than most (Apis mellifera) honeybees, this has led humans to consume RJ in traditional medicine and as a health food. The beneficial effect of RJ on human health is still under debate and investigation.

RJ has a complex composition and recent studies have identified lists of volatile and polar components ; but it is generally accepted that RJ is composed of approximately 60% water, proteins (42-41% of dry matter), carbohydrates (30% of dry matter), lipids (8-19% of dry matter) and small amounts of minerals, polyphenols and vitamins. Lyophilized RJ is considered to have less than 5% water and to preserve the same proportions of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in terms of dry mass.

Since RJ is obtained in much smaller amounts, as compared to most apicultural products, and reaches a high market price, it has been a major target for adulteration. In an evaluation of the physicochemical properties of RJ by different methods, the addition of substantial amounts of yoghurt, egg white, and/or corn starch was detected. The possibility of contamination of RJ with toxic compounds, such as melamine, has also been explored.

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